All Diagnoses

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Overview

Intellectual Disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem-solving) and adaptive behavior (everyday social and practical skills). It originates before age 22 and ranges from mild to profound. ID was previously called "mental retardation" — a term that is now considered outdated and offensive.

What This Means

What this means for your family: Your child will learn and grow — just at a different pace and possibly to a different level than typical peers. With the right support, people with intellectual disabilities can learn to read, hold jobs, live semi-independently, and build meaningful relationships. Focus on what your child CAN do, and build from there.

Prevalence: Approximately 1-3% of the population (CDC).

Key fact: Adaptive skills (daily living, communication, social skills) are just as important as academic skills — and they're highly teachable.

Common Signs

  • Delayed milestones in sitting, walking, and talking
  • Difficulty with problem-solving and logical thinking
  • Trouble remembering things or learning new skills
  • Difficulty understanding social rules and cues
  • Challenges with self-care skills (dressing, hygiene, meal preparation)
  • May have associated conditions (seizures, sensory issues, behavioral challenges)
  • IQ testing typically shows scores below 70-75

Next Steps

  1. Get a comprehensive evaluation including IQ testing and adaptive behavior assessment
  2. Request an IEP with functional academics, life skills training, and related services
  3. Start planning early for adulthood — guardianship, supported employment, and residential options
  4. Set up a Special Needs Trust — protect your child's eligibility for government benefits
  5. Explore community programs — Special Olympics, Best Buddies, and local recreation programs
  6. Connect with The Arc (thearc.org) — the largest national organization advocating for people with ID

Rights & Benefits

  • IDEA: Qualifies for an IEP with specialized instruction and related services through age 21
  • SSI: Most individuals with ID qualify for Supplemental Security Income
  • Medicaid Waiver: Home and community-based services including residential support, day programs, and personal care
  • ABLE Accounts: Tax-advantaged savings that don't affect benefits
  • Vocational Rehabilitation: Job training, supported employment, and placement services
  • Guardianship/Conservatorship: Legal options for decision-making support after age 18